Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (usually abbreviated to NSAIDs) are a group of medicines that relieve pain and fever and reduce inflammation.
There are nearly two dozen different NSAIDs available, but they all work in the same way, and that is by blocking a specific group of enzymes called cyclo-oxygenase enzymes, often abbreviated to COX enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are a group of compounds with hormone-like effects that control many different processes such as inflammation, blood flow, and the formation of blood clots.
NSAIDs are used to treat mild-to-moderate pain that arises from a wide range of conditions such as headaches, menstruation, migraines, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, sprains and strains, and toothache.
Aspirin is a NSAID that is used in small doses to lower the risks of having a heart attack or a stroke caused by a blood clot. It may also be given as a single dose at the time of a heart attack to improve outcomes. This is because it irreversibly inhibits the COX-1 enzyme.
NSAIDs may be grouped according to their preference for COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Those that favor COX-1 are more likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects. Those that favor COX-2 have a higher risk of cardiovascular effects but less gastrointestinal effects. Higher dosages of NSAIDs tend to result in more COX-2 enzyme inhibition (and more cardiovascular side effects), even in those NSAIDs traditionally seen as low risk (such as ibuprofen). NSAIDs with higher activity against COX-2 enzymes should be used with caution in people with cardiovascular disease or at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Both types of COX enzymes produce prostaglandins; however, the main function of COX-1 enzymes is to produce baseline levels of prostaglandins that activate platelets and protect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, whereas COX-2 enzymes are responsible for releasing prostaglandins after infection or injury.
Most NSAIDs inhibit both enzymes to a certain extent.
| Generic name | Brand names |
|---|---|
| More COX-1 selective* | |
| flurbiprofen | Ansaid |
| ketorolac | Only generic |
| ketoprofen | Oruvail |
| tolmetin | Generic |
| aspirin | Ecotrin, Miniprin, and generic |
| Relatively nonselective | |
| ibuprofen | Advil, Motrin, Genpril |
| naproxen | Aleve, Flanax Pain Reliever, Naprosyn |
| Less than 50-fold COX-2 selective* | |
| indomethacin | Indocin, Tivorbex |
| sulindac | Clinoril |
| piroxicam | Feldene |
| mefenamic acid | Ponstel |
| meloxicam | Mobic |
| diclofenac | Cataflam, Voltaren, Zipsor, Zorvolex |
| celecoxib | Celebrex |
| etodolac | Generic |
| More than 50-fold COX-2 selective | |
| etoricoxib | Not approved in the U.S. |
| lumiracoxib | Not approved in the U.S. |
| rofecoxib | Withdrawn because of safety concerns |
*Ranked in order from the least COX-2 activity to the highest within that group.
Note that selectivity rankings vary depending on resources used. This table is based on a best effort accumulation of data.
NSAIDs are one of the most widely prescribed group of medicines; however, they are associated with some serious side effects.
NSAIDs can increase your risk of a fatal heart attack or stroke. The risk increases the higher the dosage and the longer the length of time you remain on an NSAID for. People with pre-existing heart disease are more at risk and certain NSAIDs, such as diclofenac and celecoxib, have been linked to more heart-related side effects than others. NSAIDs should never be used just before or after heart bypass surgery (coronary artery bypass graft, or CABG).
Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects are also common, and usually related to dosage and duration of treatment although some NSAIDs, such as ketorolac, aspirin and indomethacin, are associated with a higher risk. Elderly people or those taking other medicines that irritate the stomach are more likely to experience life-threatening GI side effects, such as stomach or intestinal bleeding.
Most NSAIDs are not suitable for children or adolescents under the age of 18 years. Ibuprofen is the only NSAID approved for children aged three months and older. Aspirin can increase the risk of Reye's syndrome if given to children with a viral illness. Never give aspirin to children except on a doctors advice.
Most NSAIDs should not be taken during the last three months of pregnancy or while breastfeeding except on a doctor’s advice.
NSAIDs can potentially cause a range of side effects, especially when used at higher than recommended dosages for long periods of time.
Gastrointestinal side effects that may occur include bloating, diarrhea, constipation, irritation of the lining of the stomach, nausea or vomiting.
NSAIDs may also affect kidney function and reduce how quickly blood flows through the kidneys. They may cause retention of sodium and water which can lead to edema and high potassium levels. Occasionally, they may cause more serious damage to the kidneys.
Some NSAIDs, particularly diclofenac and those that are selective for COX-2 enzymes, have a high risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events such as a heart attack or stroke. Other heart-related side effects such as high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and palpitations have also been reported.
In addition, some people taking NSAIDs have experienced asthma attacks, bleeding, fatigue, headache, insomnia, low neutrophil levels, urticaria (hives), vertigo and seizures. Reye’s syndrome, a life-threatening condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain and is mostly associated with aspirin use in young children has also been reported.
Data Source:drugs.com
ASA-BUTALB-CAFF-COD #3 is a medication that combines four active ingredients: aspirin (ASA), butalbital, caffeine, and codeine. It is commonly used to treat tension headaches and migraines. The combination of these ingredients helps to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote relaxation. This medication is available in tablet form and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed the prescribed amount to avoid potential side effects or complications.
Data Source:medlineplus.gov
ASCOMP with codeine is a medication that combines aspirin, caffeine, and codeine. It is commonly used to relieve mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, dental pain, and muscle aches. Aspirin helps reduce inflammation and pain, while caffeine enhances the effects of aspirin and codeine. Codeine is a narcotic pain reliever that works by blocking pain signals in the brain. This medication should be used as directed by a healthcare professional and may cause drowsiness or dizziness. It is important to avoid alcohol while taking ASCOMP with codeine as it can increase the risk of side effects.
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Aspirin-Dipyridam ER is a medication that combines the effects of aspirin and dipyridamole to prevent blood clots. It is commonly prescribed to individuals who have had a heart attack or stroke, or who are at risk for these conditions. The extended-release formula allows for a slow and steady release of the medication, providing long-lasting protection against blood clot formation. Aspirin-Dipyridam ER is typically taken once daily, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
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Bromfenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to treat pain and inflammation in the eyes. It works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation. Bromfenac sodium is typically prescribed for conditions such as postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery or ocular pain associated with conditions like dry eye syndrome. It is available in the form of eye drops and should be used as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Butalbital is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as barbiturates. It is commonly used to treat tension headaches and migraines. Butalbital works by relaxing muscle contractions and reducing pain and discomfort. It is usually taken in combination with other pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or aspirin, and caffeine. This combination helps to enhance the effectiveness of the medication. Butalbital is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and usage instructions provided by a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective treatment.
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BUTALBITAL-ASPIRIN-CAFFEINE is a combination medication that contains three active ingredients: butalbital, aspirin, and caffeine. Butalbital is a barbiturate that helps to relax muscles and relieve tension headaches. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reduces pain, inflammation, and fever. Caffeine is a stimulant that can enhance the effects of the other two ingredients and help to alleviate headaches. This medication is commonly prescribed for the treatment of tension headaches and migraines.
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Celebrex is a prescription medication that belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is primarily used to relieve pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Celebrex works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available in capsule form and is typically taken once or twice a day, with or without food. Celebrex may have potential side effects, including stomach upset, headache, dizziness, and increased risk of cardiovascular events. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before starting or stopping this medication.
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Celecoxib is a medication that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by conditions such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Celecoxib works by reducing the production of certain substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available in the form of capsules and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Diclofenac epolamine is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis, muscle sprains, and menstrual cramps. The active ingredient, diclofenac, works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. This medication is available in the form of a topical patch, which is applied directly to the affected area for localized relief. It is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional and to avoid applying the patch to broken or irritated skin.
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Diclofenac potassium is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and injuries. This medication works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available in tablet form and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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DICLOFENAC SOD DR is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and injuries. The "DR" in the name stands for delayed-release, indicating that the medication is designed to release the active ingredient slowly over time for prolonged relief. DICLOFENAC SOD DR is available in tablet form and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Diclofenac SOD EC is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and injuries. The abbreviation "EC" stands for enteric-coated, which means that the medication is designed to dissolve in the small intestine rather than the stomach, reducing the risk of stomach irritation. Diclofenac SOD EC works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available in tablet form and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Diclofenac SOD ER is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and injuries. The extended-release formulation of diclofenac sodium ensures a gradual release of the medication over time, providing long-lasting relief. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Diclofenac SOD ER is typically taken orally and should be used as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and migraines. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Diclofenac sodium is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, gels, and injections, and is typically prescribed by a healthcare professional. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and usage instructions to ensure safe and effective use of this medication.
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DICLOFENAC-MISOPROSTOL DR is a medication that combines two active ingredients, diclofenac and misoprostol. It is commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of arthritis, such as pain and inflammation. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce pain and inflammation, while misoprostol is a prostaglandin analog that helps protect the stomach lining from the potential side effects of diclofenac. This combination medication is typically taken orally and is available in delayed-release form to provide long-lasting relief. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult with a healthcare professional for proper usage and potential side effects.
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Diflunisal is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Diflunisal is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions provided by a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective use of this medication.
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DUEXIS is a medication that combines two active ingredients, ibuprofen and famotidine, to provide relief from pain and inflammation, as well as reduce the risk of stomach ulcers. It is commonly prescribed for conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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EC-NAPROXEN DR is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and various injuries. The "EC" in the name stands for "enteric-coated," which means that the medication is designed to dissolve in the small intestine rather than the stomach, reducing the risk of stomach irritation. Overall, EC-NAPROXEN DR provides effective relief for individuals suffering from pain and inflammation.
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Etodolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis. It works by blocking the production of certain substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Etodolac is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally. It is commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals to manage pain and inflammation associated with various conditions.
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ETODOLAC ER is a medication that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The extended-release formulation of Etodolac allows for a slower release of the medication, providing long-lasting pain relief. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. ETODOLAC ER is typically taken orally and should be used as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Flurbiprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and sports injuries. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Flurbiprofen is available in different forms, including tablets, capsules, and topical gels, and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Hydrocodone-Ibuprofen is a combination medication that contains two active ingredients: hydrocodone, an opioid pain reliever, and ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This medication is commonly prescribed to manage moderate to severe pain, such as that caused by injuries, surgeries, or chronic conditions. Hydrocodone works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, while ibuprofen reduces inflammation and pain by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body. The combination of these two drugs provides a more comprehensive approach to pain relief. However, it is important to use this medication as directed by a healthcare professional, as it carries the risk of addiction, abuse, and other side effects.
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Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It is often prescribed for conditions such as headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and arthritis. Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. However, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist or worsen.
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IBUPROFEN-FAMOTIDINE is a combination medication that contains both ibuprofen and famotidine. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. Famotidine is a histamine-2 blocker that reduces the production of stomach acid, helping to prevent and treat heartburn and stomach ulcers. This combination medication is commonly used to relieve symptoms associated with conditions such as arthritis, muscle aches, headaches, and indigestion. It provides the benefits of both ibuprofen and famotidine in a single tablet, making it convenient for individuals who require relief from multiple symptoms.
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ILEVRO OPHTH is a medication used for the treatment of eye conditions such as inflammation and pain. It belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and works by reducing the production of certain substances in the body that cause inflammation. This medication is typically prescribed by an ophthalmologist and is available in the form of eye drops. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the healthcare professional and use the medication as directed for optimal results.
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Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat conditions such as arthritis. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Indomethacin is available in various forms, including capsules, suppositories, and injections, and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions provided by a healthcare professional when using indomethacin.
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Indomethacin ER is a medication that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, gout, and certain types of joint disorders. The "ER" in the name stands for extended-release, indicating that the medication is formulated to release the active ingredient slowly over an extended period of time, providing long-lasting relief. Indomethacin ER is typically taken orally and should be used as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. It works by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and swelling. Ketorolac is commonly prescribed for short-term pain relief, such as after surgery or injury, and is available in both oral and injectable forms. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment to avoid potential side effects.
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Mefenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. It is often prescribed for conditions such as menstrual cramps, arthritis, and other types of pain. Mefenamic acid works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. It is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions when taking mefenamic acid to ensure its effectiveness and minimize the risk of side effects.
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Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Meloxicam is available in tablet form and is typically taken once daily. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult with a healthcare professional before starting or stopping this medication.
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Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by conditions such as arthritis. It works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Nabumetone is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions provided by a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective use of this medication.
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Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It works by blocking the production of certain substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Naproxen is often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and minor injuries. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid, and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional before using naproxen, as it may have potential side effects and interactions with other medications.
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Naproxen DR is a medication that belongs to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class. It is commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and minor injuries. The "DR" in the name stands for delayed-release, indicating that the medication is designed to release the active ingredient slowly over time for longer-lasting relief. Naproxen DR is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally with or without food. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional for any concerns or potential side effects.
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Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It works by blocking the production of certain substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Naproxen sodium is often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and minor injuries. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid, and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional before using naproxen sodium to ensure safe and effective use.
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NAPROXEN-ESOMEPRAZ DR is a medication that combines the pain-relieving effects of naproxen with the stomach-protecting effects of esomeprazole. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other types of pain. The medication works by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of certain substances in the body that cause pain and discomfort. It is available in tablet form and should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Oxaprozin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Oxaprozin is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional before starting or stopping this medication.
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Pennsaid is a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. It is applied directly to the affected area and works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Pennsaid provides targeted relief and is an effective option for individuals seeking pain relief without the need for oral medications.
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Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and swelling caused by various conditions such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. It works by reducing the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Piroxicam is available in the form of tablets and capsules and is usually taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and consult a healthcare professional before using this medication.
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PROLENSA is a prescription eye drop medication used to reduce inflammation and pain in the eyes after cataract surgery. It contains the active ingredient bromfenac, which belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). PROLENSA works by blocking certain substances in the body that cause inflammation, helping to relieve discomfort and promote healing. It is typically used for a short duration as directed by a healthcare professional.
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Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat conditions such as arthritis. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Sulindac is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions provided by a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective use of this medication.
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Sumatriptan-naproxen is a combination medication that is used to treat migraines. It contains two active ingredients, sumatriptan and naproxen, which work together to relieve the symptoms of migraines such as headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist that helps to reduce the swelling of blood vessels in the brain, while naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps to reduce pain and inflammation. This combination medication provides a more effective and comprehensive approach to migraine relief.
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